Category: Tables and Guides

Heater Selection Information

To prevent overloading the starter, do not select heater(s)
for a motor of larger rating than the maximum given on the
nameplate for the starter.

For continuous rated motors, with a service factor of 1.15 to
1.25,select the heater with maximum motor amperes equal
to or immediately greater than the motor full-load current
(provides a maximum of 125 percent protection). For
continuous rated motors with no service factor, multiply the
full-load current of the motor by 0.90 and use this value to
select the heater.

How to Select Heaters

The table below should be used to determine which column of
motor full load amperes applies for heater selection. Select in
order, the base catalog number, the NEMA type of enclosure,
and the column to be used in the proper table by NEMA size.
If full-load amperes of the motor falls between two ratings,
select heaters for the higher rating.

Table for CR110H & CR110Y Manual Starters … click here

The table below gives a proper size heater to trip the switch
at approximately 125 per cent of motor current.
Listed values are for motors with 1.15/1.25 service factor.
For continuous rated motors with a service factor of 1.0,
multiply full-load current of motor by 0.9 and use this value
to select heater. If motor full-load amperes falls between
two ratings, select heater for the higher rating.
For 1.35 service factor motors, multiply full-load current of
motor by 1.15 and use this value to select heater(s).

Magnetic Motor Control

Heater coils are rated to protect 40½°C rise motors, and open and
drip-proof motors having a service factor of 1.15 where the motor
and the controller are at the same ambient temperature.

For other conditions:

1. For 50½°C, 55½°C, 75½°C rise motors and enclosed motors having
   a service factor of 1.0, select one size smaller coil.
2. Ambient temperature of controller lower than motor by 26½°C
   (47½°F) use one size smaller coil.
3. Ambient temperature of controller higher than motor by 26½°C
   (47½°F) use one size larger coil.

Ultimate tripping current of heater coils is approximately 1.25
times the minimum current rating listed in the tables.

Manual Motor Control

Heater coils are rated to protect standard 40°C rise motors, and
open and drip proof motors having a service factor of 1.15 at
approximately 125% of rated motor current, and where controller and
motor are at same ambient.

Heater coil ranges provide for variations in all enclosure sizes
and designs, including internal heating. Selection tables are not
compromises or averaged values thereby providing maximum motor
output and life.

For other conditions:

1. 50½°C or 55½°C rise motor and enclosed motor having a service
   factor of 1.0 with protection at 115% of rated current, use one
   size smaller coil.
2. Ambient temperature of controller lower than motor by:
   8.5-16.7½°C (16-30½°F) use one size larger coil.
   16.8-27.8½°C(31-50½°F) use two sizes smaller coil.
3. Ambient temperature of controller higher than motor by:
   8.5-16.7½°C (16-30½°F) use one size larger coil. 16.8-27.8½°C
   (31-50½°F) use two sizes larger coil.

DO

• Use Ultrasonic sensors in areas screened by partitions or
  furniture
• Use PIR in enclosed spaces
• Create zones controlled by different sensors to manage lighting
  in large areas
• Use dual technology sensors for areas with very low activity
  levels
• Install sensors on a vibration-free, stable surface
• Position sensors above or close to the main areas of activity
  in a space
• Mask the sensor lens to define coverage of the controlled zone
  even more accurately
• Integrate sensor use with other control methods (i.e. scheduled
  control, day lighting)
• Educate occupants about the new devices and what to expect

DON’T

• Use ultrasonic sensors in spaces with heavy air flow
• Install ultrasonic sensors in spaces where the ceiling height
  exceeds 14 feet.
• Use PIR sensors in spaces where there are fixtures or furniture
  that obstruct a clear line of sight
• Install PIR sensors so that their line of sight continues
  beyond doorways
• Install sensors within 6-8 feet of HVAC outlets or heating
  blowers
• Position a wall switch sensor behind an office door
• Control emergency or exit lighting with sensors
• Install PIR sensors in spaces where there are extremely low
  levels of occupant motion

Sensing:

The inductive proximity will sense all metals. The exact point
at which a target will be detected is influenced by the type of
metal, its size and surface area. The following charts show the
sensing fields for a standard target: 45mm sq., mild steel, 1mm
thick.

Standard Range

Shielded – Can be mounted flush with metal surface.

Extended Range

Non-shielded – Can not be mounted flush with metal surface

The two most common approach directions are axial (head-on) and
lateral (from the side). Detection occurs at the point where the
target first touches the envelope of the sensing curve. The curve
shown is for a standard target and must be corrected for other size
targets.

Correction Factors for Typical Target Materials Based on Standard Size

Operation of Photo-Electric Sensors

Diffuse-Reflective

This type of sensor detects the reflection of transmitted light
from the surface of an object. Shortest sensing range of all
photoelectrics.

Retro-Reflective

This type of sensor utilizes a special reflector to return the
beam directed at it from the sensor. An object between the sensor
and reflector is senses when it interrupts the beam. Medium sensing
range.

Thru-Beam

Separate emitter and receiver provide maximum detection range
and most positive type of sensing for opaque objects. When an
object interrupts the beam from emitter to receiver, the object is
detected.

Operation of 2-wire and 3-wire sensors

A/C 2 Wire NO

2-Wire Devices: 2-wire sensors are intended to be connected tin
series with the controlled load. Because these sensors derive the
power to energize their internal electronics through the load they
control, a minimum current is drawn through the load when the
sensor is in the open stat. This current is so small that it can be
ignored and will not turn on electro-mechanical devices such as
relays and solenoids. However, this current could be enough to
operate an electronic load. Cutler-Hammer’s 2-wire sensors have the
lowest leakage current in the industry and are suitable for many
electronic loads.

A/C 3 wire NO/NC or DC PNP

3-WIRE DEVICES: 3-wire sensors derive their power directly
across the line and therefore have no current leakage to the
load.

Definitions

HAZARDOUS LOCATION: An Area where the possibility of
explosion and fire is created by the presence of flammable gases,
vapors, dusts, fibers or flying.

Classes

CLASS I (NEC-500-4): Those areas in which flammable
gases or vapors may be present in the air in sufficient quantities
to be explosive or ignitable.

CLASS II (NEC-500-4): Those areas made hazardous by the
presence of combustible dust.

CLASS III (NEC-500-6): Those areas in which there are
easily ignitable fibers or flying present, due to type of material
being handled, stored, or processed.

Divisions

DIVISION 1 (NEC-500,4,5,6): Division One in the normal
situation, the hazard would be expected to be present in everyday
production operations or during frequent repair and maintenance
activity.

DIVISION 2 (NEC-500,4,5,6): Division Two in the abnormal
situation, material is expected to be confined within closed
containers or closed systems and will be present only through
accidental rupture, breakage, or unusual faulty operation.

Groups

GROUPS (NEC-500-2 & 502-1): The gases of vapors of
Class I locations are broken into four groups by the code.
A, B, C, and D. Theses materials are grouped according to the
ignition temperature of the substance, its explosion pressure and
other flammable characteristics.

CLASS II: dust locations – groups E, F, and G. These
groups are classified according to the ignition temperature and the
conductivity of the hazardous substance.

Seals

SEALS (NEC-501-5 & 502-5): Special fittings that are
required either to prevent the passage of hot gasses in the case of
an explosion in a Class I area of the passage of combustible dust,
fibers, or flyings in a Class II or III area.

ARTICLES 500 Through 503 (1978 NEC): Explain in detail
the requirements for the installation of wiring of electrical
equipment in hazardous locations. These articles along with other
applicable regulations, local governing inspection authorities,
insurance representatives, and qualified engineering/technical
assistance should be your guides to the installation of wiring or
electrical equipment in any hazardous or potentially hazardous
location.

Typical Class I Locations:

• Petroleum refineries, and gasoline storage and dispensing
  areas.
• Industrial firms that use flammable liquids in dip tanks for
  parts cleaning or other operations.
• Petrochemical companies that manufacture chemicals from gas and
  oil.
• Dry cleaning plants where vapors from cleaning fluids can be
  present.
• Companies that have spraying areas where they coat products
  with paint or plastics.
• Aircraft hangars and fuel servicing areas.
• Utility gas plants, and operations involving storage and
  handling of liquefied petroleum gas or natural gas.

Typical Class II Locations:

• Grain elevators, flour and feed mills.
• Plants that manufacture, use, or store magnesium or aluminum
  powders.
• Plants that have chemical or metallurgical processes or
  plastics, medicines and fireworks, etc.
• Producers or starch or candies.
• Spice-grinding plants, sugar plants and cocoa plants.
• Coal preparation plants and other carbon-handling or processing
  areas.

Typical Class III Locations:

• Textile mills, cotton gins, cotton seed mills, and flax
  processing plants.
• Any plant that shapes, pulverizes, or cuts wood and creates
  sawdust or flyings.

What are they?

Power failures, also known as blackouts, are the easiest power
problem to diagnose. If the lights go out, chance are there has
been a power failure. Any temporary, or not so temporary,
interruption in the flow of electricity will result in a power
failure which can cause hardware damage and data loss.

Where do they come from?

Violent weather is the first thing that comes to mind, but there
are any number of other causes. Overburdened power grids, car
accidents that bring down power lines, lightning strikes, and human
error are all likely sources.

What can they do?

Power failures are more than simply inconvenient and annoying.
They can cause computer users to lose hours of work when systems
shut down without warning. Power failures can even damage hard
drives resulting in loss of all data on a system. Consider the fact
that a single power outage on a high traffic network can stall
hundreds of users, and the seriousness of power failures becomes
evident. Even worse, when the power returns, it often brings
after-blackout spikes and surges to cause even more damage.

What can be done?

Computer users should consider a UPS system to protect their
systems. These systems monitor line levels and switch over to
battery power when utility power fails.

What are they?

Brownouts are periods of low voltage in utility lines that can cause lights
to dim and equipment to fail. Also known as voltage sags, this is the most
common power problem, accounting for up to 87% of all power disturbances.

Where do they come from ?

Overburdened utilities sometimes reduce their voltage output to deal with
high power. Recent statistics show that the US population tries to pull an
average of 5% more than the utility companies can provide. The demand for
power is rapidly increasing, but the supply of power is not. Damage to
electrical lines and other factors can also cause utility brownouts.
Locally, equipment that draws massive amounts of power such as motors, air
conditioners, etc. that can cause momentary brownouts to occur.
Undervoltages are often followed by overvoltages – “spikes” – which are
also damaging to computer components and data.

What do they do?

Voltage variation can be the most damaging power problem to threaten
equipment. All electronic devices expect to receive a steady voltage (120
VAC in North America) in order to operate correctly. Brownouts place undue
strain on power supplies and other internal components, forcing them to
work harder in order to function. Extended brownouts can destroy electrical
components and cause data glitches and hardware failure.

What can be done?

Surge suppressors do only 1/2 the job. Line conditioners and
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) are the best defense against both
voltage problems. Designed to regulate both over and under voltages, Line
Conditioners provide three separate levels of voltage correction. Adjusting
computer-grade AC power meeting ANSI C84.1 specifications.

What are They?

Power surges are an increase in the voltage that powers
electrical equipment. Surges often go unnoticed, often
lasting only 1/20th of a second, but they are much more common and
destructive than you might think. According to recent
studies, electrical equipment is constantly experiencing surges of
varying power. Some of them can be absorbed by a power supply
while others can only be handled by a quality surge
suppressor. The most destructive power surges will wipe out
anything that gets in their way!

Where do they come from ?

In this power-hungry computer age, utility power systems are
often pushed beyond their capacity, resulting in unstable,
unreliable power for consumers. Overburdened power grids can
generate powerful surges as they switch between sources or generate
“rolling surges” when power is momentarily disrupted. Local
sources can also generate surges (such as a motor starting, or a
fuse blowing out).

What about Lightning?

Lightning can generate a spectacular surge along any conductive
line to destroy everything in its path. No matter what
manufacturers may claim, no surge suppressor in the world can
survive a direct lightning strike. However, with quality
equipment the surge suppressor will take the hit – ending up melted
– but the equipment it protects will not be affected.

Choosing the Right Level of Protection

Joule Ratings: The bigger, the better! Joule
ratings measure a surge suppressors ability to absorb surges.

• 200 Joules: Basic Protection
• 400 Joules: Good Protection
• 600+ Joules: Excellent Protection

Surge Amp Ratings: Higher ratings offer more
protection. Amp levels are another important factor in
determining surge strength. Look for the highest amp
protection levels available.

UL 1449 Voltage Let-Through Ratings: Underwriter
Laboratories tests each surge suppressor and rates them according
to the amount of voltage they let-through to connected
equipment. The lower the let-through voltage, the better the
surge suppressor is. UL established the 330 volt let-through
as the benchmark because lower ratings added no real benefits to
equipment protection, while surge components, forced to work
harder, failed prematurely. Be wary of manufacturers claiming
lower let-through ratings.

What is it?

The term "line noise" refers to random fluctuations-electrical
impulses that are carried along with standard AC current. Turning on
fluorescent lights, laser printers, working near a radio station, using a
power generator, or even working during a lightening storm can all
introduce line noise into systems.

What can it do?

Line noise interference can result in many different symptoms depending on
the situation. Noise can introduce glitches and errors into programs and
files. Hard Drive components can be damaged. Televisions and computer
screens can display interference as "static" or "snow,"
and audio systems experience increased distortion levels.

What can be done?

Surge suppressors, Line conditioners and UPS units include special noise
filters that remove or reduce line noise. The amount of filtration is
indicated in the technical specifications for each unit. Noise suppression
is stated as Decibel level (dB) at a specific frequency (kHz or MHz). The
higher the dB, the greater the protection.

Be wary of "surge/noise suppressors" that don’t provide this
information. Some surge suppressors (Such as the Tripp Lite Isobar
suppressors) take noise suppression to a new level with Isolated Filter
Banks. These special banks prevent line noise generated from one device
from traveling through the surge suppressor to interfere with other
equipment.

Using a laser printer (a notorious source for line noise) connected to the
same suppressor that powers a computer will not endanger the computer.

Incandescent Filament Designations

Filament
designations consist of a letter or letters to indicate how the
wire is coiled, and an arbitrary number sometimes followed by a
letter to indicate the arrangement of the filament on the supports.
Prefix letters include C (coil) — Wire is would into a helical
coil or may be deeply fluted; CC (coiled coil) — wire is would
into a helical coil and this coiled wire again wound into a helical
coil. some of the more commonly used types of filament arrangements
are illustrated.

C-2V CC-2V	C-5	C-6 CC-6	CC-6	C-7A	C-8
2CC-8	C-9	C-11 CC-11	C-13 CC-13	C-17A	C-2R CC-2R
MP	BP	FF	M	SC	CC-6
CC-8

Incandescent Base Types

Incandescent Bulb Shapes

The size and shape of a bulb is designated by a letter or letters
followed by a number. The letter indicates the shape of the bulb
while the number indicates the diameter of the bulb in eighths of
an inch. For example “T-10” indicates a tubular shaped bulb having
a diameter of 10/8 or 1 1/4 inches. The following illustrations
show some of the more popular bulb shapes and sizes.

A				B			BA
A-19	A-21	A-23		B-10 1/2	B-13		BA-9	BA-9 1/2
BR					C		ER
BR-19	BR-25	BR-30	BR-40		C-7		ER-30
F				G				K	P
F-10	F-15	F-20		G-16 1/2	G-25	G-40		K-19	P-25
PAR									PS
PAR-16	PAR-20	PAR-30S	PAR-30L	PAR-36	PAR-38	PAR-64	PAR-64		PS-35
R					RP		S
R-20	R-30	R-40	R-40		RP-11		S-6	S-11	S-14
T
T-4 1/2	T-5	T-6	T-8	T-8	T-10